Deductive Theory Building and Inductive Theory Building

Developing Theory from Observations - Creativity in Inductive Thinking - Research Methodology


Scientific Research is theory building.

Theory is developed for the set of observations. The process involved is inductive thinking. There is creativity involved in theory building. The concrete or specific observations are to be described by general concepts. Theory connects the concepts.

In developing the concept from a practical instance or observation some assumptions are employed and a rigorous description of the concept is developed. Further assumptions are used to develop theory. Model building is also theory development only. Model building used to solve practical problems also involves assumptions that bring the reality to close to the existing problem solving theories. From the set of assumptions, the theory is developed. This is termed as deductive approach to theory building.

In grounded theory method, Glaser and Strauss recommend theory building from the evidence only without building any model and then developing theory. They criticize model based theory building as too distant from the evidence on which it was supposed to be based. Hence, the likelihood of the theory failing in test is high.


Illustrations of Assumptions and Theory Building

Modigliani and Miller Capital Structure Theory

Assumptions

1. Perfect capital market: Information is freely available, there is no asymmetry, transactions are costless; there are no bankruptcy costs, securities are infinitely divisible.
2. Rational Investors and Managers: Investors rationally choose a combination of risk and return that is most advantageous to them. Managers act in the interests of shareholders.
3. Homogeneous expectations: Investors hold identical expecations about future operating earnings.
4. Equivalent risk classes: Firms can be grouped into 'equivalent risk classes' on the basis of their business risk.
5. Absence of Taxes: There is no corporate income tax.

MM Proposition I
The value of a firm is equal to its expected operating income divided by the discount rate appropriate to its risk class. It is independent of its capital structure.

MM Proposition II
The expected return on equity is equal to the expected rate of return on assets, plus a premium. The premium is equal to the debt-equity ratio times the difference between the expected return on assets and the expected return on debt.

(Source: Prasanna Chandra, Financial Management: Theory and Practice, Fifth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd, New Delhi, 2001. pp.417-24.)


Theory of Collisions (Physics)

Assumptions

The masses are moving on a frictionless surface.
The masses are perfectly elastic bodies (or they are connected by massless springs).

(Reference: H.C. Verma, Concepts of Physics Part 1, Bharati Bhawan, New Delhi, 1993 (Second reprint of revised edition 2007), p.145.


Article originally published at Knol 2657

List of Articles on the Topic


Volume 14, No. 1, Art. 25 – January 2013
Theory Building in Qualitative Research: Reconsidering the Problem of Induction

Pedro F. Bendassolli

Abstract: The problem of induction refers to the difficulties involved in the process of justifying experience-based scientific conclusions. More specifically, inductive reasoning assumes a leap from singular observational statements to general theoretical statements. It calls into question the role of empirical evidence in the theory-building process. In the philosophy of science, the validity of inductive reasoning has been severely questioned since at least the writings of David HUME. At the same time, induction has been lauded as one of the main pillars of qualitative research methods, and its identity as such has consolidated to the detriment of hypothetical-deductive methods. This article proposes reviving discussion on the problem of induction in qualitative research. It is argued that qualitative methods inherit many of the tensions intrinsic to inductive reasoning, such as those between the demands of empiricism and of formal scientific explanation, suggesting the need to reconsider the role of theory in qualitative research.
http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1851/3497

Full paper available


Updated   14 September 2016,  24 August 2016,  10 December 2012

StatSoft Statistics Textbook - Book Information

The book is available for free access since 1995. Now Statsoft is part of Dell.

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Research Notebook
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Literature Review
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An Introduction to Logic - Cohen and Nagel - Book Information

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Glaser and Strauss - Grounded Theory - Chapter 2 - Generating Theory - Quotations and Summary

From the data based on coding, categories (conceptual categories or concepts) have to identified. From the data only properties of categories are also identified. Then relations among categories are identified. The theory developed that can be expressed as a descriptive note or proposition. Glaser and Strauss prefer descriptive note. They say descriptive note provides an indication that theory needs to be further developed. A proposition indicates finality.   But they stated that from descriptive note, propositions can be created as necessary say for testing purpose.


Quotations

Comparative analysis is a general method, just as are the experimental and statistical methods. (All use the logic of comparison.)


A concept may be generated from one fact, which then becomes merely one of a universe of many possible diverse indicators for, and data on, the concept. These indicators are then sought for the comparative analysis.

In discovering theory, one generates conceptual categories or their properties from evidence; then the evidence from which the category emerged is used to illustrate the concept. The evidence may not necessarily be accurate beyond a doubt (nor is it even in studies concerned only with accuracy), but
the concept is undoubteclly a relevant theoretical abstraction about what is going on in the area studied. Furthermore, the concept itself will not change, while even the most accurate facts change. Concepts only have their meanings respecified at times because other theoretical and research purposes have evolved.

Our goal of generating theory also subsumes this establishing of empirical generalizations, for the generalizations not only help delimit a grounded theory's boundaries of applicability; more important, they help us broaden the theory so that it is more generally applicable and has greater explanatory and
predictive power. By comparing where the facts are similar or different, we can generate properties of categories that increase the categories' generality and explanatory power.

While verifYing is the researcher's principal and vital task for existing theories, we suggest that his main goal in developing new theories is their purposeful systematic generation from the data of social research.

A grounded theory can be used as a fuller test of a logico-deductive theory pertaining to the same area by comparison of both theories than an accurate description used to verify a few propositions would provide. ·whether or not there is a previous speculative theory, discovery gives us a theory
that "fits or works" in a substantive or formal area (though further testing, clarification, or reformulation is still necessary), since the theory has been derived from data, not deduced from
logical assumptions. . .

The sociologist with theoretical generation ·as his major aim need not know the concrete situation better than the people involved in it (an impossible task anyway). His job and his training are to do what these laymen cannot do-generate general categories and their properties for general and specific situations and problems. Thesevcan provide theoretical guides to the layman's action

Grounded theory can be presented either as a wellcodified set of propositions or in a running theoretical discussion, using conceptual categories and their properties.

If necessary for verillcational studies, parts of the theoretical discussion can at any point be rephrased
as a set of propositions. This repht:asing is simply a formal exercise, though, since the concepts are already related in the discussion. Also, with either a propositional or discussional grounded theory, the sociologist can then logically deduce further hypotheses. Indeed, deductions from grounded theory, as it develops, are the method by which the researcher directs his theoretical sampling

Our approach, allowing substantive concepts and hypotheses to emerge first, on their own, enables the analyst to ascertain which, if any, existing formal theory may help him generate his substantive theories. He can then be more faithful to his data, rather than forcing it to fit a theory. He can be
more objective and less theoretically biased. Of course, this also means that he cannot merely apply Parsonian or Mertonian categories at the start, but must wait to see whether they are linked to the emergent substantive theory concerning the issue in focus.

the elements of theory that are generated by comparative analysis are, first, conceptual categories and their conceptual properties; and second, hypotheses or generalized relations among the categories and their properties.

A category stands by itself as a conceptual element of the theory. A property, in turn, is a conceptual aspect or element of a category. We have, then, both categories and their properties.

It must be kept in mind that both categories and properties are concepts indicated by the data (and not the data itself); also that both vary in degree of conceptual abstraction. Once a category or property is conceived, a change in the evidence that indicated it will not necessarily alt~r, clarify or destroy it.
It takes much more evidence-usually from different substantive areas-as well as the creation of a better category to achieve such changes in the original category. In short, conceptual categories
and properties have a life apart from the evidence that gave rise to them.

Lower level categories emerge rather quickly during the early phases of data collection. Higher level,
overridLllg and integrating, conceptualizations-and the properties that elaborate them-tend to come later during the joint collection, coding and analysis of the data.

The comparison of differences and similarities among groups not only generates categories, but also rather speedily generates generalized relations among them. It must be emphasized that these hypotheses have at first the status of suggested, not tested, relations among categories and !heir properties, though they are verified as much as possible in the course of research.

Joint collection, coding, and analysis of data is the underlying operation. The generation of theory,
coupled with the notion of theory as process, requires that all three operations be done together as much as possible. They should blur and intertwine continually, from the beginning of an investigation to its end.


Summary of Glaser, Barney G & Strauss, Anselm L., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research,
http://faculty.babson.edu/krollag/org_site/craft_articles/glaser_strauss.html

Research Methods in Education - Cohen, Manion, and Morrison - Book Information

Research Methods in Education

7th Edition

Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison
Routledge, 2011 - Education - 758 pages

7th edition of the long-running bestseller Research Methods in Education encompasses the whole range of methods currently employed by educational research at all stages. It offers plentiful and rich practical advice, underpinned by clear theoretical foundations, research evidence and up-to-date references.

Chapters new to this edition cover:

Causation, critical educational research, evaluation and the politics of research, including material on cross-cultural research, mixed methods and participatory research

Choosing and planning a research project, including material on sampling, research questions, literature reviews and ethical issues

Meta-analysis, research syntheses and systematic reviews

Virtual worlds and internet research

Using and analysing visual media and data in educational research

Organizing and presenting qualitative data, content analysis, coding and computer analysis, themes, narratives, conversations and discourses, grounded theory

Understanding and choosing statistical tests, descriptive and inferential statistics, multi-dimensional measurement and factor analysis

Research Methods in Education is essential reading for both the professional researcher and students of education at postgraduate level and Phd level, who need to understand how to plan, conduct, analyse and use research.

The textbook is accompanied by a website: www.routledge.com/textbooks/cohen7e. PowerPoint slides for every chapter contain an outline of the chapter structure followed by a thorough summary of the key points, ideal for both lecturers and students. Within the book a variety of internet resources are referred to and these references have been included here, with links to the websites. A wide range of supplementary documents are available for many chapters, providing additional guidance and examples. They range from guidelines for the contents of a research proposal with a worked example, to screen-print manuals for using SPSS and QSR N6 NUD*IST (exportable to N-Vivo) plus data files.

Dictionary of the History of Science - Bynum, Browne and Porter - Book Information

Dictionary of the History of Science


William F. Bynum, E. Janet Browne, Roy Porter
Princeton University Press, 14-Jul-2014 - Science - 530 pages

For readers interested in the development of major scientific concepts and the role of science in the western world, here is the first conceptually organized historical dictionary of scientific thought. The purpose of the dictionary is to illuminate this history by providing a concise, single volume reference book of short historical accounts of the important themes, ideas, and discoveries of science. Its conceptual approach differentiates the dictionary from previous reference works such as books of scientific biography and makes it a convenient manual both for the general reader and for scientists interested in the origin of concepts in their own and other scientific fields.

Originally published in 1982.

https://books.google.co.in/books/p/princeton?id=Ian_AwAAQBAJ

Qualitative Methods in Management Research - Evert Gummesson - Book Information

Qualitative Methods in Management Research


Evert Gummesson
SAGE Publications, 10-Nov-1999 - Business & Economics - 264 pages


In the Second Edition of this bestselling book Evert Gummesson presents a fresh approach to case study research. Stressing the need for involved rather than detached researchers, Gummesson links quality assessment of case study research to current total quality management thinking and proposes the concept of management action science - where the researcher is both actor and student - as the most advanced and rewarding approach to research. The book is written in an easy-to-read personal style and is laden with examples from academic research, real-world practice and management consultancy.
https://books.google.co.in/books/reader?id=ZKx1AwAAQBAJ

Quantity and Quality in Social Research - Alan Bryman - Book Information

Quantity and Quality in Social Research


Alan Bryman, Professor of Organizational and Social Research Alan Bryman
Routledge, 01-Sep-2003 - Reference - 208 pages


Table of Contents

Title Page iii
Contents v
Preface vii
1 - Introduction 1
2 - The Nature of Quantitative Research 11
3 - The Nature of Qualitative Research 45
      Notes 71
4 - Problems in Qualitative Research 72
5 - The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research 93
6 - Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research 127
7 - Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Research 157
8 - Conclusion 172
Bibliography and Author Index 175
Subject Index 195


First published in 1988. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=jDaIAgAAQBAJ

Social Research Methods

Alan Bryman
OUP Oxford, 19-Jan-2012 - Reference - 766 pages


Studying a social science degree? Need to know how to develop your research methods and write up your results more effectively? In the fourth edition of this lively and engaging textbook, Alan Bryman presents students with an updated and all-encompassing guide to the principle techniques and methodology in the field of Social Research. Adopting a coherent and student-friendly format, the book offers an encyclopaedic introduction to social research methodology, and considers a broad range of qualitative and quantitative methods to help students identify and evaluate the best approach for their research needs. Building on the success of the previous editions, this book is concerned with the ways that social researchers approach their craft. Bryman guides the reader through all aspects of the research process including formulating objectives, choosing research methods, securing research participants, as well as advice on how to effectively collect, analyse and interpret data and disseminate those findings to others. This fourth edition features a new 'supervisor experience' feature, which offers helpful tips from the supervisor's perspective on successful research, as well as a new chapter which tackles the sampling issues faced by qualitative researchers in a more consolidated fashion than in previous editions. Substantial updates have also been made to the existing material, particularly the internet research section, which has been fully revised to accommodate the extensive developments in this area. An Online Resource Centre accompanies the text and includes: For students: A student researcher's toolkit, providing guidance and advice on every aspect of social research Student experience podcasts Self-marking multiple choice questions for revision Annotated web links to useful articles, reviews, models and research guides A guide to using Excel in data analysis For lecturers: A lecturer's guide including lecture outlines, reading lists and teaching activities A suite of customisable PowerPoint slides Figures and tables from the text Case studies
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vCq5m2hPkOMC

Business Research Methods 3e

Alan Bryman, Emma Bell
OUP Oxford, 17-Mar-2011 - Business & Economics - 765 pages


Designed as an introduction to doing business research, this book acts as a comprehensive guide for students embarking on their research projects. The authors, together with real students and supervisors, draw on their own experiences so that readers can take note of their tips for success and avoid making their mistakes. Developed specifically with business and management students in mind, this book explores the issues which business research entails, as well as providing students with practical advice on doing research. A new feature has been added to this edition that sees supervisors of research projects from various universities give guidance on how to decide on a project and see it through to a successful conclusion, avoiding common pitfalls. Other changes include the expansion of the discussion of ethics, an increased emphasis on practical content such as planning a project and writing it up, and a substantially updated chapter on internet research methods. Online Resource Centre For students: An interactive research guide, providing guidance and advice on every aspect of business research Video interviews with research students Datasets from the text Self-marking multiple-choice questions for revision Annotated web links to useful articles, reviews, models and research guides A guide to using Excel in data analysis For lecturers: A lecturer's guide including lecture outlines, reading lists and teaching activities A suite of customisable PowerPoint slides Figures and tables from the text
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YnCcAQAAQBAJ

Scientific Research in Information Systems - Books Information

Scientific Research in Information Systems: A Beginner's Guide

Jan Recker
Springer Science & Business Media, 30-Jul-2012 - Business & Economics - 164 pages


This book is designed to introduce doctoral and other higher-degree research students to the process of scientific research in the fields of Information Systems as well as fields of Information Technology, Business Process Management and other related disciplines within the social sciences. It guides research students in their process of learning the life of a researcher. In doing so, it provides an understanding of the essential elements, concepts and challenges of the journey into research studies. It also provides a gateway for the student to inquire deeper about each element covered​. Comprehensive and broad but also succinct and compact, the book is focusing on the key principles and challenges for a novice doctoral student.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LzGbLKxjKHAC

Information Systems Research Methods, Epistemology, and Applications

Cater-Steel, Aileen
IGI Global, 30-Nov-2008 - Computers - 422 pages

Within the information systems discipline, there is a strong tradition of using empirical research to conduct relevant and rigorous studies. Evaluating the methods, frameworks, processes, and systems implemented in organizations is widely recognized as vital by academics and practitioners.

Information Systems Research Methods, Epistemology, and Applications presents a collection of recent empirical studies in information systems. Gathering cases of innovative approaches to evaluation, as well as examples of effective organizational approaches to analyzing, summarizing, and presenting empirical data sets and conclusions, this book is essential to academic and research libraries and a must-have for IT researchers, business managers, professionals, and academics.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LTJt47nc4Q8C


Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems:, Volume 2


Leslie P. Willcocks, Chris Sauer, Mary C. Lacity
Springer, 27-May-2016 - Computers - 234 pages


This edited three volume edition brings together significant papers previously published in the Journal of information Technology (JIT) over its 30 year publication history. The three volumes of Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems celebrate the methodological pluralism used to advance our understanding of information technology's role in the world today. In addition to quantitative methods from the positivist tradition, JIT also values methodological articles from critical research perspectives, interpretive traditions, historical perspectives, grounded theory, and action research and design science approaches.

Volume 1 covers Critical Research, Grounded Theory, and Historical Approaches. Volume 2 deals with Interpretive Approaches and also explores Action Research. Volume 3 focuses on Design Science Approaches and discusses Alternative Approaches including Semiotics Research, Complexity Theory and Gender in IS Research.

The Journal of Information Technology (JIT) was started in 1986 by Professors Frank Land and Igor Aleksander with the aim of bringing technology and management together and bridging the ‘great divide’ between the two disciplines. The Journal was created with the vision of making the impact of complex interactions and developments in technology more accessible to a wider audience. Retaining this initial focus, the JIT has gone on to extend into new and innovative areas of research such as the launch of JITTC in 2010. A high impact journal, JIT shall continue to publish leading trends based on significant research in the field.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WWhBDAAAQBAJ

Formulating Research Methods for Information Systems, Volume 2

Leslie P. Willcocks, Chris Sauer, Mary C. Lacity
Springer, 30-Oct-2015 - Business & Economics - 368 pages


This edited two-volume collection presents the most interesting and compelling articles pertaining to the formulation of research methods used to study information systems from the 30 year publication history of the Journal of Information Technology (JIT). The JIT articles in this volume capture the living debates surrounding the development of the IS field and the application of research methods therein. Using a time horizon of the last and the next 25 years, the papers examine whether there is a methodological crisis in the field, the role of diversity, the nature of inter-disciplinary discourse, the relevance and applicability of generalization, whether theory is king, or something else altogether, critical analyses and literature review techniques, and the craft of case study research.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SM_MDAAAQBAJ

Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research: Data Mining, Data Envelopment Analysis, Value Focused Thinking

Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson, Ojelanki Ngwenyama
Springer Science & Business Media, 25-Nov-2013 - Business & Economics - 231 pages


Advances in social science research methodologies and data analytic methods are changing the way research in information systems is conducted. New developments in statistical software technologies for data mining (DM) such as regression splines or decision tree induction can be used to assist researchers in systematic post-positivist theory testing and development. Established management science techniques like data envelopment analysis (DEA), and value focused thinking (VFT) can be used in combination with traditional statistical analysis and data mining techniques to more effectively explore behavioral questions in information systems research. As adoption and use of these research methods expand, there is growing need for a resource book to assist doctoral students and advanced researchers in understanding their potential to contribute to a broad range of research problems.

Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research: Data Mining, Data Envelopment Analysis, Value Focused Thinking focuses on bridging and unifying these three different methodologies in order to bring them together in a unified volume for the information systems community. This book serves as a resource that provides overviews on each method, as well as applications on how they can be employed to address IS research problems. Its goal is to help researchers in their continuous efforts to set the pace for having an appropriate interplay between behavioral research and design science.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m1C6BAAAQBAJ

Human Centered Methods in Information Systems: Current Research and Practice: Current Research and Practice

Clarke, Steve
Idea Group Inc (IGI), 01-Jul-1999 - Computers - 241 pages


The 1980s and 1990s have seen a growing interest in research and practice in information systems design and development from a human-centered perspective. This interest is accelerated by the increase in organizations in which the human resource provides the means to key competitive advantage.

Human Centered Methods in Information Systems: Current Research and Practice is a compilation of contributed chapters by researchers and practitioners addressing the relationships between human activity, organizational issues and technology.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ROjuYGP7SuAC

The Handbook of Information Systems Research

Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski
Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2004 - Computers - 349 pages


With the quantity and quality of available works in Information Systems (IS) research, it would seem advantageous to possess a concise list of exemplary works on IS research, in order to enable instructors of IS research courses to better prepare students to publish in IS venues. To that end, The Handbook of Information Systems Research provides a collection of works on a variety of topics related to IS research. This book provides a fresh perspective on issues related to IS research by providing chapters from world-renowned leaders in IS research along with chapters from relative newcomers who bring some interesting and often new perspectives to IS research. This book should serve as an excellent text for a graduate course on IS research methods.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UPGo_047vu8C

Information Systems and Qualitative Research: 

Proceedings of the IFIP TC8 WG 8.2 International Conference on Information Systems and Qualitative Research, 31st May–3rd June 1997, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA


Allen Lee, Jonathon Liebenau, Janice DeGross
Springer, 05-Jun-2013 - Computers - 571 pages


This book contains the papers presented and discussed at the conference that was held in May/June 1997, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, and that was sponsored by Working Group 8.2 of the International Federation for Information Processing. IFIP established 8.2 as a group concerned with the interaction of information systems and the organization.
Information Systems and Qualitative Research is essential reading for professionals and students working in information systems in a business environment, such as systems analysts, developers and designers, data administrators, and senior executives in all business areas that use information technology, as well as consultants in the fields of information systems, management, and quality management.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=i2TgBwAAQBAJ

Doing Your Research Project: A Guide for First-Time Researchers - Judith Bell - Book Information

Doing Your Research Project: A Guide for First-Time Researchers

6th Edition


Judith Bell
McGraw-Hill Education (UK), 01-Aug-2014 - Education - 317 pages


Doing your Research Project is the market leading book for students across the social sciences conducting small scale research projects.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Uo9FBgAAQBAJ

Handbook of Marketing Scales: Multi-Item Measures for Marketing and Consumer Behavior Research - Book Information

Handbook of Marketing Scales: Multi-Item Measures for Marketing and Consumer Behavior Research

William O. Bearden, Richard G. Netemeyer, Kelly L. Haws
SAGE, 2011 - Business & Economics - 624 pages


The Handbook of Marketing Scales, Third Edition, represents a clear and user-friendly collection of multi-item, self-report measures developed and frequently used in consumer behavior and marketing research.

Key Features

More than 150 scales are included in the Handbook. Many scales were originally published in marketing and consumer journals, and including them in one volume helps reduce the time it takes researchers to locate instruments for survey research.
More than 70 new scales have been added to the Third Edition. New scales were selected based upon actual usage and citations by researchers in articles where a major objective was scale development.
Each scale is prefaced by the same information. Details are provided of construct, description, development, samples, validity, scores, sources, references, and other evidence.
The book includes a number of measures that have been used in several studies. The volume serves as a guide to the literature and may spur further refinement of existing measures in terms of item reduction, dimensionality, reliability, and validity.
This Handbook also aims to help identify areas where measures are needed, thus encouraging further development of valid measures of consumer behavior and marketing constructs.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2MZAb0j_H2oC

e-Study Guide for: Handbook of Marketing Scales: Multi-Item Measures for Marketing and Consumer Behavior Research by Kelly L. Haws (Editor), 

ISBN 9781412980180



Cram101 Textbook Reviews, 01-Jan-2012 - Education - 13 pages


The study guides give the student the textbook outlines, highlights, practice quizzes and optional access to the full practice tests for their textbook.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=61gqVwJ46RQC

Aristotle's Physics - Aristotle - Book Information

Aristotle's Physics

Aristotle
U of Nebraska Press, 01-Jan-1961 - Science - 241 pages

"This new English version of the Physics is the last contribution to the understanding of Greek thought of Richard Hope, long a teacher of philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh. . . . This writing he had always seen as embodying many of Aristotle's most enduring insights. "In his translations, Hope attempted to have them make sense to the English reader, and above all to make philosophic sense to anyone trying to understand not only Aristotle but the world as well. . . . [The present translation], presented in the form in which he left it, can stand as a monument to the thinking of a learned and penetrating philosophical mind."--John Herman Randall, Jr.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UEdWr6wqmF8C

Aristotle: a Contemporary Appreciation - Henry Babcock Veatch - Book Information

Aristotle: a Contemporary Appreciation

Henry Babcock Veatch
Indiana University Press, 1974 - Biography & Autobiography - 214 pages


Under the guidance of Professor Veatch, Aristotle stands forth again as the philosopher who, above all, speaks simply and directly to the common sense of all mankind. Today, Professor Veatch believes, the time may be ripe for a belated recognition that Aristotle is "a truly live option in philosophy."

The discussion begins with the Physics—for Aristotle, the discipline embracing all aspects of the natural world—and examines Aristotle's doctrine of categories and his celebrated "four causes." Turning to the De Anima, Professor Veatch casts aside many errors of interpretation which have come about because of mistaken readings of the term soul and gives an intelligible account of Aristotle's psychology, seen within the context of his system as a whole. Next, the varieties of human achievement are surveyed in Aristotelian terms, with introductory discussions of the Ethics, Politics, and the Poetics. Turning to the Metaphysics, the author demonstrates that the question of the unity of subject matter in Aristotle's metaphysics does not warrant the great difficulty that has been made of it. Finally—reversing to good effect the traditional order—Aristotelian logic is presented with superb clarity and ease.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dKZW1Jv3RgEC

The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research - Glaser and Strauss - Book Information

The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research


Barney G. Glaser, Anselm L. Strauss
Transaction Publishers, 30-Aug-2009 - Social Science - 271 pages


Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data—systematically obtained and analyzed in social research—can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data—grounded theory—is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications. In Part I of the book, "Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis," the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data," the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, "Implications of Grounded Theory," Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory. The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena—political, educational, economic, industrial— especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rtiNK68Xt08C


Glaser and Strauss - Grounded Theory - Chapter 2 - Generating Theory - Quotations and Summary

The Phenomenology Reader - Dermot Moran - Book Information

The Phenomenology Reader

Dermot Moran
Routledge, 2002 - Philosophy - 614 pages

The Phenomenology Reader is the first comprehensive anthology of seminal writings in phenomenology. Carefully selected readings chart phenomenology's most famous thinkers, such as Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre and Derrida, as well as less well known figures such as Stein and Scheler. Ideal for introductory courses in phenomenology and continental philosophy, The Phenomenology Reader provides a comprehensive introduction to one of the most influential movements in twentieth-century philosophy.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VAHYCcF8F2gC

Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought - Medawar - Book Information

Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought

P B Medawar
Routledge, 15-Apr-2013 - Reference - 80 pages


Originally published in 1969. This book explains what is wrong with the traditional methodology of "inductive" reasoning and shows that the alternative scheme of reasoning associated with Whewell, Pierce and Popper can give the scientist a useful insight into the way he thinks.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uMWEowN6LuIC

Other Books on Research Methodology by P B Medawar

Advice to a Young Scientist

Peter Brian Medawar
Basic Books, 1979 - Science - 109 pages


To those interested in a life in science, Sir Peter Medawar, Nobel laureate, deflates the myths of invincibility, superiority, and genius; instead, he demonstrates it is common sense and an inquiring mind that are essential to the scientist’s calling. He deflates the myths surrounding scientists--invincibility, superiority, and genius; instead, he argues that it is common sense and an inquiring mind that are essential to the makeup of a scientist. He delivers many wry observationson how to choose a research topic, how to get along wih collaborators and older scientists and administrators, how (and how not) to present a scientific paper, and how to cope with culturally ”superior” specialists in the arts and humanities.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=npS8hU-VRycC

The Strange Case of the Spotted Mice and Other Classic Essays on Science

Peter Brian Medawar
Oxford University Press, 1996 - Science - 236 pages

Sir Peter Medawar was not only a Nobel prize-winning immunologist but also a wonderful writer about science and scientists. Described by the Washington Post as a "genuinely brilliant popularizer" of science, his essays are remarkable for their clarity and wit. This entertaining selection presents the very best of his writing with a new Foreword by Stephen Jay Gould, one of his greatest admirers.
The wide range of subjects include Howard Florey and penicillin, J. B.S. Haldane, whom he describes as a "with-knobs-on variant of us all," and, in the title essay, scientific fraud involving laboratory mice. There is Medawar's defence of James Watson against the storm of criticism that greeted the publication of The Double Helix. A merciless debunker of myths, he reveals the nonsense to be discovered in psychoanalytic interpretations of Darwin's illness and launches devastating attacks on Arthur Koestler, IQ psychologists, and, most notably, Teilhard de Chardin. He raises questions about the nature of scientific endeavour--he famously defined science as the art of the soluble--and a common theme is his desire to communicate the importance of science to the widest possible audience.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=C8-PkAfzShoC